Energy Modeling of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Petri Nets

Energy minimization is of great importance in wireless sensor networks in extending the battery lifetime. Accurately understanding the energy consumption characteristics of each sensor node is a critical step for the design of energy saving strategies. This paper develops a detailed probabilistic model based on Petri nets to evaluate the energy consumption of a wireless sensor node. The model factors critical components of a sensor node, including processors with emerging energy-saving features, wireless communication components, and an open or closed workload generator. Experimental results show that this model is more flexible and accurate than Markov models. The model provides a useful simulation platform to study energy saving strategies in wireless sensor networks

Localization Using Extended Kalman Filters in Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction: Localization arises repeatedly in many location-aware applications such as navigation, autonomous robotic movement, and asset tracking. Analytical localization methods include triangulation and trilateration. Triangulation uses angles, distances, and trigonometric relationships to locate an object. Trilateration, on the other hand, uses only distance measurements to identify the position of the target

Effective Stochastic Modeling of Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumption of energy-constrained nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a fatal weakness of these networks. Since these nodes usually operate on batteries, the maximum utility of the network is dependent upon the optimal energy usage of these nodes. However, new emerging optimal energy consumption algorithms, protocols, and system designs require an evaluation platform. This necessitates modeling techniques that can quickly and accurately evaluate their behavior and identify strengths and weakness. We propose Petri nets as this ideal platform. We demonstrate Petri net models of wireless sensor nodes that incorporate the complex interactions between the processing and communication components of a WSN. These models include the use of both an open and closed workload generators. Experimental results and analysis show that the use of Petri nets is more accurate than the use of Markov models and programmed simulations. Furthermore, Petri net models are extremely easier to construct and test than either. This paper demonstrates that Petri net models provide an effective platform for studying emerging energy-saving strategies in WSNs

Characterization of Protease Enzyme Produced from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.

This study aimed to characterization of protease enzyme purified from locally isolated Bacillus sp.. A total of 50 soil samples were taken for this purpose. Only 35 (or 70%) of the sample were found to have given rise to bacterial growth. As the first phase in the cultivation of bacteria, the samples were grown on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar and nutrition agar. More than 20 bacterial isolates were discovered, according to the findings. The results of the cultural, microscopic, and biochemical examinations used to identify these isolates revealed that 15 of them were Bacillus spp. Additionally, the use of the Vitek 2 technique ensured that each of the 15 isolates belonged to this species. Examining these isolates\u27 capacity to create proteases revealed that all 15 of the Bacillus sp. isolates were capable of doing so, albeit to varying degrees. The isolate with the number S9 was the best at producing proteases, with a specific activity value of 40.19 U/mg proteins. On a casein hydrolyzed medium plate with a diameter of 3.0 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively, they demonstrated a clean zone. After 42 hours and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C, respectively, the strain 9 produces 1.01 units of proteolytic enzyme per milliliter. Proteolytic activity decreases with longer incubation times. It has potential for industrial use because the isolated Bacillus sp. was generating protease

Energy Modeling of Processors in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Petri Nets

Power minimization is a serious issue in wireless sensor networks to extend the lifetime and minimize costs. However, in order to gain an accurate understanding of issues regarding power minimization, modeling techniques capable of accurately predicting energy consumption are needed. This paper demonstrates that Petri nets are a viable option of modeling a processor. In fact, this paper shows that the Petri nets’ accuracy surpasses a Markov model utilizing supplementary variables to account for constant delays

Energy Modeling of Processors inWireless Sensor Networks based on Petri Nets

Power minimization is a serious issue in wireless sensor networks to extend the lifetime and minimize costs. However, in order to gain an accurate understanding of issues regarding power minimization, modeling techniques capable of accurately predicting energy consumption are needed. This paper demonstrates that Petri nets are a viable option of modeling a processor. In fact, this paper shows that the Petri nets’ accuracy surpasses a Markov model utilizing supplementary variables to account for constant delays

Degree of Awareness of Medical Students in Palestinian Universities of Patients' Rights

The study aims to measure the degree of awareness of medical students in Palestinian universities of patients' rights according to variables: university, gender and level. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach (questionnaire) in measuring the degree of awareness of medical students in Palestinian universities of patient rights and processing them into quantitative Valuable expressing the degree of knowledge and awareness. Then, a random sample of 132 medical students was chosen from Al-Azhar and Islamic Universities in the Gaza Strip. The results show that the medical student understands the patients' clinical rights with no statistically significant differences between the third and sixth level students in the two universities. As well as there are no statistically significant differences between Males and females. The researcher recommends enriching medical ethics subject with the patients' and doctors' rights and responsibilities. And emphasizing the ethics of the medical profession in colleges before the clinical stage and before graduation. Objectives: Measuring the degree of awareness of medical students in Palestinian universities of patients' rights according to variables: university, gender and level. Methods: Descriptive analytical approach (questionnaire). Results: The results show that the students of the Faculty of Medicine of the third and sixth levels are fully aware of the rights of patients with an estimated average of 2.24 and a standard deviation of 0.317. Moreover, there are no differences between the third level and the sixth level in the degree of awareness of patients' rights where the average of the third level is 4.25 and Standard deviation 0.326 and the 6th level arithmetic average and standard deviation are 4.23 and 0.309 respectively. The difference of universities does not mean a difference in the awareness of medical students of patients' rights, as it appears in the results that state there are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the students of the Faculty of Medicine at al-Azhar and Islamic universities in the degree of their awareness of the rights of patients, where the mathematical average of the sample students of Al-Azhar University 4.18 and standard deviation 4.279 also the mathematical average of the sample of students of Islamic University average 4.279 and standard deviation 0.319. The results show there are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between males and females in awareness of patients' rights, and this emphasizing their sense of belonging to the medical profession and patients, though the researcher attributes this to the Palestinian society and its culture and that the students of the Faculty of Medicine are informed about the rights of patients. Conclusion: Medical student understands the patients' clinical rights with no statistically significant differences between the third and sixth level students in the two universities

Cost Performance in Construction Industry of Pakistan

Construction industry is notorious and infamous as far as cost base lines and project budgets are concerned. More than 90 percent of projects delay gets over budgeted or completely abandoned due to either paucity of funds or mismanagement at different levels. Despite a major contributor in the Gross Domestic Product of a country, its full potential has never been exploited. Perhaps this retrogressive atmosphere has been cultivated by callous, careless and unprofessional attitudes of all stakeholders of construction industry. The primary stakeholders which affect the projects positively or negatively in cost dimension are; the government, the contractors, the consultants and the clients or owners. The authors conducted interviews as well as surveys with construction professionals, contractors, architects, design engineers, suppliers and sub contractors in order identify the most occurring causes of cost overruns in construction projects. In addition to this contemporary literature was studied and reviewed with a purpose to assess the current and ongoing issues in the construction industry. A questionnaire was distributed among respondents on cost performance of various completed and under construction projects, with a view to highlight the concrete reasons which push the projects out of approved budgets. The major conclusions from this research paper which have been drawn are; corruption and bribery, political interests, poor site management, delay in site mobilization, rigid attitude by consultants, extra work without approvals, frequent changes during execution, gold platting, safety and health and limited access to job sites. In order to avoid, eliminate or mitigate effects of these causes viable recommendations have been recommended. Keywords: Cost Performance, Construction Industry, Pakista

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MANNICH BASES AND THEIR COPPER (II) COMPLEXES

Objective: The present study is focused on the synthesis of novel Mannich bases and their metal complexes, and to characterize them by physical, chemical and biological methods. Mannich bases, 2-(piperazin-1-yl(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)hydrazinecarboxamide (PTMHC), 2-(piperazin-1-yl(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (PTMHCT), and 2-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)hydrazinecarboxamide (MPTMHC) and 2-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (MPTMHCT), were prepared by Mannich condensation method.Methods: The compounds and complexes were prepared by known literature methods. Characterizations were carried out through physical methods such as elemental analyses, melting point and TLC. IR, 1H NMR, [13]C NMR and Mass spectral studies were carried out to characterize the ligands. The methods like EPR, magnetic susceptibility measurements, conductance measurements and thermal analysis were carried out for complexes besides the UV-Vis and IR spectral studies. Anti-cancer activity of synthesized ligands was performed using human lung and colon cancer cell lines.Results: Eight compounds have been prepared and characterized. Four among the eight compounds were used as ligands for the preparation of metal complexes. The results of physical and chemical methods show all the complexes act as bidentate ligands. The coordination with the metal ion takes place through N, S and O atoms. The results of molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the electrolytic and non-electrolytic nature of the metal complexes. EPR and TG-DTA studies also support the other spectral data.Conclusions: Copper (II) complexes of PTMHC, PTMHCT, MPTMHC, and MPTMHCT were prepared and their structures were determined. The anti-cancer activity of the synthesized ligands and their complexes was evaluated. The synthesized novel ligands of Mannich bases can serve as a potential anti-cancer agent.Â

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DALBERGIA SISSO ROXB.

Objective: Present study was aimed to standardize the leaves, pods, and bark of Dalbergia sisso Roxb (Fabaceae) plant which is one of the most important species of Pakistan and used in different ailments.Methods: Powders of dried parts of this plant were used for macroscopic and microscopic, histological, fluorescence, micro chemical, proximate, infra-red spectroscopic examinations and extract were used for preliminary phytochemical examination. These entire tests were performed as per World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Results: In preliminary phytochemical analysis D. sisso carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins were detected in the pod while leaves contain carbohydrates alkaloids and flavonoids. The different cellular structure provides the basis of different parts identifications like stomata in leave (A), schlerides in pods (B) and tissues in bark (C) parts of the powdered plant. Proximate analysis showed the high level of moisture content and ash values of A, B and C samples. The fluorescence behavior of powdered material of A, B and C revealed the coloration of these samples under different wavelength. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the spectrum include aromatic and aldehyde based functional groups for the all three powdered samples of D. sisso Roxb.Conclusion: This research work was performed for the standardization of the plant D. sisso Roxb. as per WHO recommendations and we established the proper identification profile of the plant and its parts